ANDREA LOUISE CAMPBELL
HOW AMERICANS THINK ABOUT TAXES
Accepted for publication at Princeton University Press
POLICY FEEDBACK
How Policies Shape Politics
with Daniel Béland and R. Kent Weaver
Although the idea that existing policies can have major effects on politics and policy development is hardly new, the last three decades witnessed a major expansion of policy feedback scholarship, which focuses on the mechanisms through which existing policies shape politics and policy development. Starting with a discussion of the origins of the concept of policy feedback, this element explores early and more recent contributions of the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept and its contribution to both political science and policy studies. After exploring the rapidly expanding scholarship on policy feedback and mass politics, this element also puts forward new research agendas that stress several ways forward, including the need to explain both institutional and policy
continuity and change. Finally, the element discusses the practical implications of policy feedback research through a discussion of its potential impact on policy design.
Related articles:
“Policy Makes Mass Politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (2012): 333-51.
“Policy Feedbacks and the Impact of Policy Designs on Public Opinion,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 36 (December 2011): 961-73.
“The Affordable Care Act and Mass Policy Feedbacks,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 45; 4 (August 2020): 567-80.
TRAPPED IN AMERICA'S SAFETY NET
One Family's Struggle
When Andrea Louise Campbell’s sister-in-law, Marcella Wagner, was run off the freeway by a hit-and-run driver, she was seven-and-a-half months pregnant. She survived—and, miraculously, the baby was born healthy. But that’s where the good news ends. Marcella was left paralyzed from the chest down. This accident was much more than just a physical and emotional tragedy. Like so many Americans—50 million, or one-sixth of the country’s population—neither Marcella nor her husband, Dave, who works for a small business, had health insurance. On the day of the accident, she was on her way to class for the nursing program through which she hoped to secure one of the few remaining jobs in the area with the promise of employer-provided insurance. Instead, the accident plunged the young family into
the tangled web of means-tested social assistance.
As a social policy scholar, Campbell thought she knew a lot about means-tested assistance programs. What she quickly learned was that missing from most government manuals and scholarly analyses was an understanding of how these programs actually affect the lives of the people who depend on them. Using Marcella and Dave’s situation as a case in point, she reveals their many shortcomings in Trapped in America’s Safety Net. Because American safety net programs are designed for the poor, Marcella and Dave first had to spend down their assets and drop their income to near-poverty level before qualifying for help. What’s more, to remain eligible, they will have to stay under these strictures for the rest of their lives, meaning they are barred from doing many of the things middle-class families are encouraged to do: Save for retirement. Develop an emergency fund. Take advantage of tax-free college savings. And, while Marcella and Dave’s story is tragic, the financial precariousness they endured even before the accident is all too common in America, where the prevalence of low-income work and unequal access to education have generated vast—and growing—economic inequality. The implementation of Obamacare has cut the number of uninsured and underinsured and reduced some of the disparities in coverage, but it continues to leave too many people open to tremendous risk.
Behind the statistics and beyond the ideological battles are human beings whose lives are stunted by policies that purport to help them. In showing how and why this happens, Trapped in America’s Safety Net offers a way to change it.
Related articles:
“Family Story as Political Science: Reflections on Writing Trapped in America’s Safety Net,” Perspectives on Politics 13; 4 (December 2015): 1043-52.
“Reassessing the Conventional Wisdom: Entitlements from the Inside,” The Forum 13 (1) (2015): 105-118.
THE DELEGATED WELFARE STATE
Medicare, Markets, and the Governance of American Social Policy
with Kimberly J. Morgan
Why are so many American social programs delegated to private actors? And what are the consequences for efficiency, accountability, and the well-being of beneficiaries? The Delegated Welfare State examines the development of the American welfare state through the lens of delegation: how policymakers have avoided direct governmental provision of benefits and services, turning to non-state actors for the governance of social programs. Utilizing case studies of Medicare and the 2009-10 health care reform, Morgan and Campbell argue that the prevalence of delegated governance reflects the powerful role of interest groups in American politics, the dominance of Congress in social policymaking, and deep contradictions in American public opinion. Americans want
both social programs and small government, leaving policy makers in a bind. Contracting out public programs to non-state actors masks the role of the state and enlists private allies who push for passage. Although delegated governance has been politically expedient, enabling the growth of government programs in an anti-government political climate, it raises questions about fraud, abuse, administrative effectiveness, and accountability. In probing both the causes and consequences of delegated governance, The Delegated Welfare State offers a novel interpretation of both American social welfare politics and the nature of the American state.
Related articles:
“Delegated Governance in the Affordable Care Act of 2010,” with Kimberly J. Morgan (lead author). Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 36 (June 2011): 387-91.
“Delegated Governance in Health Policy,” with Kimberly J. Morgan in Health Politics and Policy, 5th ed. Jim Morone and Dan Ehlke (Cengage, 2014).
HOW POLICIES MAKE CITIZENS
Senior Citizen Activism and the American Welfare State
WINNER: 2021 AARON WILDAVSKY ENDURING CONTRIBUTION AWARD, APSA PUBLIC POLICY
Some groups participate in politics more than others. Why? And does it matter for policy outcomes? In this richly detailed and fluidly written book, Andrea Campbell argues that democratic participation and public policy powerfully reinforce each other. Through a case study of senior citizens in the United States and their political activity around Social Security, she shows how highly participatory groups get their policy preferences fulfilled, and how public policy itself helps create political inequality. Using a wealth of unique survey and historical data, Campbell shows how the development of Social Security
helped transform seniors from the most beleaguered to the most politically active age group. Thus empowered, seniors actively defend their programs from proposed threats, shaping policy outcomes. The participatory effects are strongest for low-income seniors, who are most dependent on Social Security. The program thus reduces political inequality within the senior population — a laudable effect — while increasing inequality between seniors and younger citizens.
A brief look across policies shows that program effects are not always positive. Welfare recipients are even less participatory than their modest socioeconomic backgrounds would imply, because of the demeaning and disenfranchising process of proving eligibility. Campbell concludes that program design profoundly shapes the nature of democratic citizenship. And proposed policies — such as Social Security privatization — must be evaluated for both their economic and political effects, because the very quality of democratic government is influenced by the kinds of policies it chooses.
Related articles:
“Policy Makes Mass Politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (2012): 333-51.
“Self-Interest, Social Security, and the Distinctive Participation Patterns of Senior Citizens,” American Political Science Review 96 (September 2002): 565-74.
“Participatory Reactions to Policy Threats; Senior Citizens and the Defense of Social Security and Medicare,” Political Behavior 25 (March 2003): 29-49.